坦尚尼亞前總統姆卡巴Benjamin Mkapa命盤 - 水源管制區 - 馬龍占星論壇

班傑明·姆卡帕[編輯]

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班傑明·姆卡帕

班傑明·威廉·姆卡帕（斯瓦希里語：Benjamin William Mkapa，1938年11月12日－）坦尚尼亞外交家、政治家。

姆卡帕畢業於烏干達東非大學麥克勒里學院，1962年後回國在政府部門工作。1966年後長期擔任各種報紙的編輯部主任和主編工作。1974年，姆卡帕被任命為朱利葉斯·尼雷爾的新聞秘書。1976年出任坦尚尼亞通訊社社長。

1977年7月，姆卡帕被任命為坦尚尼亞外交部長，1980年改任新聞和文化部長。1982年到1984年間，先後出使加拿大和美國，其後再次擔任外交部長。1994年底任科技和高等教育部長。

1995年底，姆卡帕當選坦尚尼亞總統，次年6月當選坦尚尼亞革命黨主席。2000年連任總統。2005年底卸任後，姆卡帕目前擔任南方中心董事會主席一職。

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Benjamin Mkapa

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Benjamin William Mkapa
Mkapa in 2010

3rd President of Tanzania
In office 23 November 1995 – 21 December 2005
Vice President	Omar Ali Juma (1995–2001) Ali Mohamed Shein (2001–05)
Prime Minister	Frederick Sumaye
Preceded by	Ali Hassan Mwinyi
Succeeded by	Jakaya Kikwete
Minister for Science, Technology and Higher Education
In office 1992–1995
President	Ali Hassan Mwinyi
Minister for Information and Broadcasting
In office 1990–1992
President	Ali Hassan Mwinyi
Personal details
Born	12 November 1938 Ndanda, Masasi, Tanganyika
Died	24 July 2020 (aged 81) Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
Nationality	Tanzanian
Political party	CCM
Other political affiliations	TANU
Spouse(s)	Anna Mkapa
Children	3
Residence	Sea View, Dar Es Salaam, Tanzania
Alma mater	Makerere University (B.A.) Columbia University (M.A.) Open University of Tanzania
Profession	Journalist, diplomat

Benjamin William Mkapa (12 November 1938^[1] – 24 July 2020)^[2] was a Tanzanian politician who served as the third President of Tanzania. He was in office for one decade from 1995 to 2005. He was also Chairman of the Revolutionary State Political Party (Chama Cha Mapinduzi, CCM).^[3] He died at Muhimbili National Hospital on 24 July 2020.

Early life[edit]

Mkapa was born in Ndanda, near Masasi in southern Tanganyika, on 12 November 1938.^[1]^[4] He graduated from Makerere University in Uganda in 1962 with a Bachelor of Arts in English.^[1] He went on to study at Columbia University the following year, and earned a master's degree in international affairs.^[5] revious posts include being an administrative officer in Dodoma and the Minister for Science, Technology and Higher Education. He also had the chance to lead the Tanzanian mission to Canada in the year 1982 and to the United States Of America from 1983 to 1984.^[6] He was the Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1977 to 1980 and again from 1984 to 1990.^[7]

Presidency[edit]

In 1995, Mkapa was elected as President based on a popular anti-corruption campaign and the strong support of former president Julius Nyerere.^[8] Mkapa's anti-corruption efforts included creation of an open forum called the Presidential Commission on Corruption (Warioba Commission) and increased support for the Prevention of Corruption Bureau.^[8]

Mkapa's second five-year term of office as President ended in December 2005. During this term in office, Mkapa privatized state-owned corporations and instituted free market policies.^[9] His supporters argued that attracting foreign investment would promote economic growth. His policies won the support of the World Bank and International Monetary Fund and resulted in the cancellation of some of Tanzania's foreign debts.^[8]

He was criticized for some ineffectiveness of his anti-corruption efforts^[8] as well as for his lavish spending. He spent £15 million on a private presidential jet, as well as almost £30 million on military aviation equipment which experts deemed beyond the limited needs of the country's armed forces.^[10] It was over the latter purchase that British International Development Secretary Clare Short expressed public outrage, resulting in her becoming known as 'Mama Radar' in the Tanzanian press.^[11]

Post-presidency[edit]

Having left office due to a two-term limit, Mkapa was dogged by many accusations of corruption, among them improperly appropriating to himself and his former finance Minister Daniel Yona the lucrative "Kiwira Coal Mine" in the southern highlands of Tanzania without following lawful procedures. By privatizing the Kiwira Coal Mine to himself, he was accused of a breach of the Tanzanian constitution, which does not allow a president to do business at the state house.^[12]

Mkapa served as a Trustee of the Aga Khan University from November 2007 until 2012.^[9]

Mkapa died on 24 July 2020 at a hospital in Dar es Salaam where he was receiving treatment. He was 81 years old.^[13]^[14]

Honours and awards[edit]

Honours[edit]

Order		Country	Year	Ref
	Order of the Golden Heart of Kenya (Chief)	Kenya	2005	^[15]
	Order of Mwalimu Julius Kambarage Nyerere	Tanzania	2011	^[16]

Awards[edit]

2007: Ms Jane Goodall Global Leadership Award^[17]

Honorary degrees[edit]

University	Country	Degree	Year
Sōka University	Japan	Honoris Causa	1998^[18]
Morehouse College	United States	Honoris Causa	1999^[18]
The Open University of Tanzania	Tanzania	Honoris Causa	2003^[18]
National University of Lesotho	Lesotho	Doctor of Law	2005^[19]
Kenyatta University	Kenya	Doctor of Education	2005^[20]
University of Dar es Salaam	Tanzania	Honoris Causa	2006^[18]
Newcastle University	United Kingdom	Doctor of Civil Law	2007^[21]
University of Cape Coast	Ghana	Doctor of Letters	2008^[22]
Makerere University	Uganda	Doctor of Law	2009^[23]

[轉貼] 坦尚尼亞前總統姆卡巴Benjamin Mkapa命盤

坦尚尼亞前總統姆卡巴過世享壽81歲