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[轉貼] 查德總統Idriss Deby Itno命盤

掌權30年才剛連任 查德總統德比與叛軍作戰時傷重不治

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我國前邦交國、非洲查德軍方今天表示,剛當選連任的總統德比(Idriss Deby Itno)在北部邊區與叛軍作戰時傷重不治。德比已統治這個沙赫爾地區(Sahel)國家30年。

法新社報導,查德軍方發言人在國營電視台宣讀聲明說,68歲的德比周末「為了在戰場捍衛這個主權國家,嚥下了最後一口氣」。

德比剛獲宣告贏得大選,取得第6個任期。路透社報導,德比的競選陣營昨天表示,他前往北部前線,視察與「恐怖份子」作戰的部隊。

德比1990年造反奪得政權後執政至今,是非洲在位最久的領導人之一。

查德1962年至1972年,以及1997年至2006年間與中華民國建交,德比總統曾於1997年10月、2002年3月、2005年1月三度拜訪台灣,時任總統陳水扁也曾回訪查德。

https://tw.news.yahoo.com/%E6%8E%8C%E6%AC%8A-30-%E5%B9%B4%E6%89%8D%E5%89%9B%E9%80%A3%E4%BB%BB-%E6%9F%A5%E5%BE%B7%E7%B8%BD%E7%B5%B1%E5%BE%B7%E6%AF%94%E8%88%87%E5%8F%9B%E8%BB%8D%E4%BD%9C%E6%88%B0%E6%99%82%E5%82%B7%E9%87%8D%E4%B8%8D%E6%B2%BB-125914647.html

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伊德里斯·德比[編輯]

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伊德里斯·德比·伊特諾
Idriss Déby Itno
إدريس ديبي
Idriss Deby Itno IMG 3731.jpg
 查德總統
任期
1990年12月2日-2021年4月20日
前任海珊·哈布雷
繼任馬漢馬內·伊德利斯·德比
過渡軍事委員會主席
 非洲聯盟主席
任期
2016年1月30日-2017年1月30日
前任羅伯·穆加貝
繼任阿爾法·孔戴
個人資料
出生1952年6月18日
 法屬赤道非洲法達(今查德境內)
逝世2021年4月20日(68歲)
 查德提貝斯提區
政黨愛國拯救運動
配偶Hinda Déby
Amani Musa Hilal
兒女馬漢馬內·伊德利斯·德比(兒子)
宗教信仰伊斯蘭教

伊德里斯·德比·伊特諾(法語:Idriss Déby Itno;阿拉伯語:إدريس ديبي‎,1952年6月18日-2021年4月20日),男,查德共和國政治人物,1990年至2021年任總統

生平[編輯]

德比為查德部落頭目之子。在接受基礎教育後,前往法國深造。1976年返回查德後,即擔任該國軍隊與政府要員。

他與查德前總統海珊·哈布雷有長達一生的恩怨鬥爭,兩人早期於查德國家解放陣線是戰友,在叛將馬盧姆推翻查德國父托姆巴巴耶後,國家解放陣線又在推翻馬盧姆的戰役中擔任內應,之後政府解體全國混亂時期利比亞軍隊介入意圖併吞查德,1982年德比升任軍隊總司令勉強守住南方,之後等到了美法兩國的支持增援,並在1987年擊退利比亞軍隊。但之後短暫的全國穩定時期美法支持的哈布雷與其前任馬盧姆並無差別也是利用屠殺異族方式鞏固權力。[1]

1990年11月,他在一次軍事政變後成立愛國拯救運動黨,奪取政權,並於12月2日自命為總統。2001年5月再度當選總統,2006年5月該國舉行總統大選,唯一候選人的他在備受質疑下當選連任。2011年4月、2016年4月都以唯一候選人的方式連任。

2018年4月30日,查德國民議會不顧反對黨的強烈反對,通過了新憲法文本。5月4日,查德總統伊德里斯·德比頒布了憲法,擴大了總統的權力,取消了總理職位。新憲法規定,總統任期六年,可以連任一次。德比在2021年本屆總統任期屆滿後,理論上還可以擔任兩屆總統,直到2033年。

2021年4月11日,德比在2021年查德總統選舉中以79.3%的得票率贏得第六個任期[2];然而,這一結果迅速引發了查德北部叛亂[3]。20日,查德軍方宣布,德比在開始新任期的第二天,在視察北部平叛情況時受到重傷而逝世,終年68歲[4][5]。隨後,他的兒子、查德軍隊少將馬漢馬內·伊德利斯·德比開始代行國家元首的職責[6]

https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%BC%8A%E5%BE%B7%E9%87%8C%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E4%BB%A3%E6%AF%94

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Idriss Déby

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Idriss Déby
إدريس ديبي
Idriss Déby at the White House in 2014.jpg
Déby in 2014
President of Chad
In office
2 December 1990 – 20 April 2021
Prime MinisterJean Alingué Bawoyeu
Joseph Yodoyman
Fidèle Moungar
Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye
Koibla Djimasta
Nassour Guelendouksia Ouaido
Nagoum Yamassoum
Haroun Kabadi
Moussa Faki
Pascal Yoadimnadji
Adoum Younousmi
Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye
Youssouf Saleh Abbas
Emmanuel Nadingar
Djimrangar Dadnadji
Kalzeubet Pahimi Deubet
Albert Pahimi Padacké
Vice PresidentBada Abbas Maldoum (1990–1991)[1][2]
Preceded byHissène Habré
Succeeded byMahamat Déby Itno
as Chairman of the Transitional Military Council
Chairperson of the African Union
In office
30 January 2016 – 30 January 2017
Preceded byRobert Mugabe
Succeeded byAlpha Condé[3]
Personal details
Born18 June 1952
FadaFrench Equatorial Africa (now Chad)
Died20 April 2021 (aged 68)
Tibesti Region, Chad
Political partyPatriotic Salvation Movement
Spouse(s)
 
(m. 2005)
[4][5]
Children
ReligionIslam
EthnicityZaghawa
Military service
Allegiance Chad
Branch/service Chadian ground forces
Years of service1976–2021
RankMarshal

Idriss Déby Itno (Arabicإدريس ديبي‎ Idrīs Daybī Itnū; 18 June 1952 – 20 April 2021) was a Chadian politician and military officer who was President of Chad from 1990 until his death by militant forces when commanding troops on the front in 2021.[6] He was also head of the ruling Patriotic Salvation Movement. Déby was of the Bidayat clan of the Zaghawa ethnic group. He took power by leading a rebellion against President Hissène Habré in December 1990 and survived various rebellions and coup attempts against his own rule. Déby won elections in 1996 and 2001, and after term limits were eliminated he won again in 200620112016, and 2021. He added "Itno" to his surname in January 2006. He was a graduate of Muammar Gaddafi's World Revolutionary Center.[7] Several international media sources described Déby's multi-decade rule as authoritarian.[8][9][10] He was killed in April 2021 while commanding forces fighting on the front against rebels from the Front for Change and Concord in Chad (FACT).[11]

Youth and military career[edit]

Déby was born on 18 June 1952,[12] in the village of Berdoba, approximately 190 kilometers from Fada in northern Chad.[13] His father was a poor herder, who belongs to the Bidayat clan of the Zaghawa community. After attending the Qur'anic School in Tiné, Déby studied at the École Française in Fada and at the Franco-Arab school (Lycée Franco-Arabe) in Abéché.[13] He also attended the Lycée Jacques Moudeina in Bongor and had a bachelor's degree in science.[14]

After finishing school, he entered the Officers' School in N'Djamena.[13] From there he was sent to France for training, returning to Chad in 1976 with a professional pilot certificate. He remained loyal to the army and President Félix Malloum even after Chad's central authority crumbled in 1979.[13] He returned from France in February 1979 and found Chad had become a battleground for many armed groups.[13] Déby tied his fortunes to those of Hissène Habré, one of the chief Chadian warlords. A year after Habré became president in 1982, Déby was made commander-in-chief of the army.

He distinguished himself in 1984 by destroying pro-Libyan forces in eastern Chad. In 1985, Habré sent him to Paris to follow a course at the École de Guerre; on his return in 1986,[13] he was made chief military advisor to the presidency. In 1987, he confronted Libyan forces on the field, with the help of France[13] in the so-called "Toyota War", adopting tactics that inflicted heavy losses on enemy forces. During the war, he also led a raid on Maaten al-Sarra Air Base in Kufrah, in Libyan territory.[13] A rift emerged on 1 April 1989 between Habré and Déby over the increasing power of the Presidential Guard.

According to Human Rights Watch,[15] Habré was found responsible for "widespread political killings, systematic torture, and thousands of arbitrary arrests", as well as ethnic purges when it was perceived that group leaders could pose a threat to his rule, including many of Déby's Zaghawa ethnic group who supported the government.[13] Increasingly paranoid, Habré accused Déby, minister of the interior Mahamat Itno, and commander in chief of the Chadian army Hassan Djamous of preparing a coup d'état. Déby fled first to Darfur, then to Libya, where he was welcomed by Gaddafi in Tripoli.[13] Itno and Djamous were arrested and killed.[16] Since all three were ethnic Zaghawa, Habré started a targeted campaign against the group which saw hundreds seized, tortured, and imprisoned. Dozens died in detention or were summarily executed.[16] In 2016, Habré was convicted of war crimes by a specially created international tribunal in Senegal.[17] Déby gave the Libyans detailed information about CIA operations in Chad. Gaddafi offered Déby military aid to seize power in Chad in exchange for Libyan prisoners of war.[13]

Déby relocated to Sudan in 1989 and formed the Patriotic Salvation Movement, an insurgent group,[18][19] supported by Libya and Sudan,[20] which started operations against Habré, and on 2 December 1990 Déby's troops marched unopposed into N'Djaména in a successful coup, ousting Habré.[21]

President of Chad[edit]

Idriss Déby assumed Chad's presidency in 1991. He had been re-elected every five years up until the time of his death.[19]

1990s[edit]

After three months of the provisional government, on 28 February 1991, a charter was approved for Chad with Déby as president. During the following two years, Déby faced a series of coup attempts as government forces clashed with pro-Habré rebel groups, such as the Movement for Democracy and Development (MDD).[22] Seeking to quell dissent, in 1993 Chad legalized political parties and held a National Conference which resulted in the gathering of 750 delegates, the government, trade unions, and the army to discuss the establishment of a pluralist democracy.[23]

However, unrest continued. The Comité de Sursaut National pour la Paix et la Démocratie (CSNPD), led by Lt. Moise Kette and other southern groups sought to prevent the Déby government from exploiting oil in the Doba Basin[24] and started a rebellion that left hundreds dead. A peace agreement was reached in 1994, but it broke down shortly. Two new groups, the Armed Forces for the Federal Republic (FARF) led by former Kette ally Laokein Barde, and the Democratic Front for Renewal (FDR), and a reformulated MDD clashed with government forces from 1994 to 1995.[25][26]

Déby, in the mid-1990s, gradually restored basic functions of government and entered into agreements with the World Bank and IMF to carry out substantial economic reforms.[citation needed]

A new constitution was approved by referendum in March 1996, followed by a presidential election in June. Déby placed on the first round but fell short of a majority; he was then elected president in the second round, held in July, with 69% of the vote.[27]

2000s[edit]

Idriss Déby was re-elected in the May 2001 presidential election, winning in the first round with 63.17% of the vote, according to official results.[27][28] A civil war between Christians and Muslims erupted in 2005, accompanied by tensions with Sudan. An attempted coup d'état, involving the shooting down of Déby's plane, was foiled in March 2006.[29]

In mid-April 2006, there was fighting with rebels at N'Djaména, although the fighting soon subsided with government forces still in control of the capital.[30] Déby subsequently broke ties with Sudan, accusing it of backing the rebels,[31] and said that the May 2006 election would still take place.[32]

Deby was sworn in for another term in office on 8 August 2006.[33] Sudanese president Omar al-Bashir attended Déby's inauguration, and the two leaders agreed to restore diplomatic relations on this occasion.[34]

After Déby's re-election, several rebel groups broke apart. Déby was in Abéché from 11 to 21 September 2006, flying in a helicopter to personally oversee attacks on Rally of Democratic Forces rebels.[35]

The rebellion in the east continued, and rebels reached N'Djamena on 2 February 2008, with fighting occurring inside the city.[36] After days of fighting, the government remained in control of N'Djamena. Speaking at a press conference on 6 February, Déby said that his forces had defeated the rebels, whom he described as "mercenaries directed by Sudan", and that his forces were in "total control" of the city as well as the whole country.[37]

Against this backdrop, in June 2005, a successful referendum was held to eliminate a two-term constitutional limit, which enabled Déby to run again in 2006.[38] More than 77% of voters approved.[39] Déby was a candidate in the 2006 presidential election, held 3 May, which was greeted with an opposition boycott. According to official results Déby won the election with 64.67% of the vote.[40]

In 2000, with the north/south dispute quelled, Déby's government started building the country's first oil pipeline, the 1,070 kilometer Chad-Cameroon project.[41] The pipeline was completed in 2003 and praised by the World Bank as "an unprecedented framework to transform oil wealth into direct benefits for the poor, the vulnerable and the environment".[42]

Oil exploitation in the southern Doba region began in June 2000, with World Bank Board approval to finance a small portion of a project, the Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development Project, aimed at transport of Chadian crude through a 1000-km buried pipeline through Cameroon to the Gulf of Guinea. The project established unique mechanisms for World Bank, private sector, government, and civil society collaboration to guarantee that future oil revenues benefit populations and result in poverty alleviation.[citation needed]

However, with Chad receiving only 12.5% of profits from oil production, and the agreement for these revenues to be deposited into a London-based Citibank escrow account monitored by an independent body to ensure the funds were used for public services and development,[43][44] not much wealth was immediately transferred to the country. In 2006, Déby made international news after calling for his country to have a 60 percent stake in the Chad-Cameroon oil output after receiving "crumbs" from foreign companies running the industry.[45] He said Chevron and Petronas were refusing to pay taxes totalling $486.2 million. Chad passed a World Bank-backed oil revenues law that required most of its oil revenue to be allocated to health, education and infrastructure projects. The World Bank had previously frozen an oil revenue account in a dispute over how Chad spent its oil profits, with Déby accused of using the funds to consolidate his power. Déby rejected those claims, arguing that the country does not receive nearly enough royalties to make meaningful change in the fight against poverty.[46][47]

2010s[edit]

Idriss Déby in 2012

On 25 April 2011, Déby was re-elected for a fourth term with 88.7% of the vote and reappointed Emmanuel Nadingar as Prime Minister.[48]

Because of Chad's strategic position in West Africa, Déby sent troops or played a key mediating role in tackling the multiple regional crises, such as Darfur, the Central African Republic (CAR), Mali, as well as the fight against Boko Haram.[18][49]

With the security situation in the Central African Republic deteriorating, Déby decided in 2012 to deploy 400 troops to fight the CAR rebels. In January 2013, Chad also sent 2000 troops to fight Islamist groups in Mali, as part of France's Operation Serval.[50][51]

Chad’s recent history, under Déby's leadership, has been characterized by endemic corruption and a deeply entrenched patronage system that permeates society, according to Transparency International.[52] The recent exploitation of oil has fueled corruption, as revenues have been misused by government to strengthen its armed forces and reward its cronies, which contributes to the undermining of the country’s governance system.[52] In 2006, Chad was placed at the top of the list of the world's most corrupt nations by Forbes magazine,[53][54][55][56] In 2012, Déby launched a nationwide anticorruption campaign called Operation Cobra, which reportedly recovered some $50 million in embezzled funds.[57][58] Nongovernmental organizations say, however, that Déby has used such initiatives to punish rivals and reward cronies.[59] As of 2016, Transparency International ranked Chad 147 out of 168 nations on its corruption index.[60]

Faced with a growing threat from Boko Haram, Déby increased Chad's participation in the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF), a combined multinational formation comprising units from NigerNigeriaBenin and Cameroon.[61] In August 2015, Déby claimed in an interview that the MNJTF has successfully "decapitated" Boko Haram.[62]

In January 2016, Idriss Déby succeeded Zimbabwe's Robert Mugabe to become the chairman of the African Union for a one-year term. Upon his inauguration, Déby told presidents that conflicts around the continent had to end "Through diplomacy or by force... We must put an end to these tragedies of our time. We cannot make progress and talk of development if part or our body is sick. We should be the main actors in the search for solution to Africa's crises".[63] One of Déby's first priorities was to accelerate the fight against Boko Haram. On 4 March, the African Union agreed to expand the Multinational Joint Task Force (MNJTF) to 10,000 troops.

During the 21st Conference of the Parties (COP21) in Paris, Idriss Déby raised the issue of Lake Chad, whose area was a small fraction of what it had been in 1973, and called on the international community to provide financing to protect the ecosystem.[64]

In Fébruary 2016, Déby was nominated by the Patriotic Salvation Movement to run for a new term in the April 2016 Presidential elections.[65] He pledged to reinstate term limits in the constitution by saying that "We must limit terms, we must not concentrate on a system in which a change in power becomes difficult. "In 2005 the constitutional reform was conducted in a context where life of the nation was in danger".[66]

In 2017, the United States Justice Department alleged Déby accepted a $2 million bribe in return for providing a Chinese company with an opportunity to obtain oil rights in Chad without international competition.[67]

In January 2019, Déby and Israeli rime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu announced the resumption of diplomatic relations between Chad and Israel. Netanyahu described his visit to Chad as “part of the revolution we are having in the Arab and Muslim world.”[68]

2020s[edit]

Déby signed a bill abolishing capital punishment in 2020. The firing squad had last been used on terrorists in 2015.[69]

In February 2021, Déby annouced Chad would send 1,200 soldiers alongside French troops to the Sahel border between NigerMali, and Burkina Faso, to combat al-Qaeda linked groups.[70]

In the 2021 presidential election, Déby won his sixth term as president, when results were announced on 19 April, with 79.32% of the votes.[71] In February, security forces had attempted to arrest leader of the opposition Yaya Dillo Djérou, with Djérou claiming five members of his family were killed during this attempt, and the government instead reporting three were killed. Most political opponents had withdrawn from the election, urging a boycott, alleging attacks and excessive use of force by security forces during anti-government protests.[72] Instead of giving a victory speech, Déby went to visit the Chadian soldiers on the frontlines fighting the northern rebel incursion by the Front for Change and Concord in Chad (abbreviated FACT in French).[73] He was said to have been mortally wounded on Sunday, 18 April, and was flown to the capital,[74] where he died on 20 April.[75][76]

Personal life[edit]

Déby was married several times and had at least a dozen children. He married Hinda (b. 1977) in September 2005. Reputed for her beauty, this marriage attracted much attention in Chad, and due to tribal affiliations it was seen by many as a strategic means for Déby to bolster his support while under pressure from rebels.[77] Hinda is a member of the Civil Cabinet of the Presidency, serving as Special Secretary.[78]

On 2 July 2007, Déby's son, Brahim, was found dead aged 27 in the parking garage of his apartment near Paris.[79] According to the autopsy report, he had likely been asphyxiated by white powder from a fire extinguisher. A murder inquiry was launched by the French police. Brahim had been sacked as presidential advisor the year before, after being convicted of possessing drugs and weapons. Blogger Makaila Nguebla attributes the defection of many Chadian government leaders to their indignation over Brahim's conduct: "He is at the root of all the frustration. He used to slap government ministers, senior Chadian officials were humiliated by Déby's son."[80] In July 2011 four men were convicted of "robbery leading to death without intention to kill" and sentenced to prison sentences of between five and thirteen years.[81]

Déby was a Muslim.[82]

Death[edit]

According to an army spokesperson, Déby succumbed to injuries resulting from gunshots on 20 April 2021 while commanding his army against FACT rebels in the north of Chad during the Northern Chad offensive, at the age of 68.[83][84][85] The Chadian Parliament was dissolved upon his death[84] and a Transitional Military Council was formed in its place with his son Mahamat Déby Itno as chairman.[86] In addition to the parliament, the Government of Chad was dissolved as well.[87] Déby's funeral is due to take place on 23 April 2021.[88]

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Idriss_D%C3%A9by

請從論壇首頁右上角進入「個人中心」,就可以編輯您個人的頭像、簽名檔及自我介紹。請用高級模式回覆,點HTML框,可有更多變化豐富版面。
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可以哭泣,不要洩氣;可以悲傷,不要放棄!

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