residency (1995–2007)[edit]First term: 1995–2002[edit]uestion_book-new.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;">  | |
Juppé ministry[edit]During the 1995 presidential campaign, Chirac criticised the "sole thought" (pensée unique) of neoliberalism represented by his challenger on the right and promised to reduce the "social fracture", placing himself more to the centre and thus forcing Balladur to radicalise himself. Ultimately, he obtained more votes than Balladur in the first round (20.8 percent), and then defeated the Socialist candidate Lionel Jospin in the second round (52.6 percent). Chirac was elected on a platform of tax cuts and job programmes, but his policies did little to ease the labour strikes during his first months in office. On the domestic front, neo-liberal economic austerity measures introduced by Chirac and his conservative prime minister Alain Juppé, including budgetary cutbacks, proved highly unpopular. At about the same time, it became apparent that Juppé and others had obtained preferential conditions for public housing, as well as other perks. At the year's end Chirac faced major workers' strikes which turned itself, in November–December 1995, into a general strike, one of the largest since May 1968. The demonstrations were largely pitted against Juppé's plan for pension reform, and ultimately led to his dismissal. Shortly after taking office, Chirac – undaunted by international protests by environmental groups – insisted upon the resumption of nuclear tests at Mururoa Atoll in French Polynesia in 1995, a few months before signing theComprehensive Test Ban Treaty.[25] Reacting to criticism, Chirac said, "You only have to look back at 1935...There were people then who were against France arming itself, and look what happened." On 1 February 1996, Chirac announced that France had ended "once and for all" its nuclear testing and intended to accede to the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty. Elected as President of the Republic, he refused to discuss the existence of French military bases in Africa, despite requests by the Ministry of Defence and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.[23] The French Army thus remained in Côte d'Ivoire as well as in Omar Bongo's Gabon. State responsibility for the roundup of Jews[edit]Prior to 1995, the French government had maintained that the French Republichad been dismantled when Philippe Pétain instituted a new French State duringWorld War II and that the Republic had been re-established when the war was over. It was not for France, therefore, to apologise for the roundup of Jews for deportation that happened while the Republic had not existed and was carried out by a state, Vichy France, which it did not recognise. President François Mitterrand had reiterated this position: "The Republic had nothing to do with this. I do not believe France is responsible," he said in September 1994.[26] Chirac was the first President of France to take responsibility for the deportation of Jews during the Vichy regime. In a speech made on 16 July 1995 at the site of the Vel' d'Hiv Roundup, where 13,000 Jews had been held for deportation to concentration camps in July 1942, Chirac said, "France, on that day, committed the irreparable". Those responsible for the roundup were "4500 policemen and gendarmes, French, under the authority of their leaders [who] obeyed the demands of the Nazis. ... the criminal folly of the occupiers was seconded by the French, by the French State".[27][28][29] "Cohabitation" with Jospin[edit]In 1997, Chirac dissolved parliament for early legislative elections in a gamble designed to bolster support for his conservative economic program. But instead, it created an uproar, and his power was weakened by the subsequent backlash. The Socialist Party (PS), joined by other parties on the left, soundly defeated Chirac's conservative allies, forcing Chirac into a new period of cohabitation with Jospin as prime minister (1997–2002), which lasted five years. Cohabitation significantly weakened the power of Chirac's presidency. The French president, by a constitutional convention, only controls foreign and military policy— and even then, allocation of funding is under the control of Parliament and under the significant influence of the prime minister. Short of dissolving parliament and calling for new elections, the president was left with little power to influence public policy regarding crime, the economy, and public services. Chirac seized the occasion to periodically criticise Jospin's government. Nevertheless, his position was weakened by scandals about the financing of RPR by Paris municipality. In 2001, the left, represented by Bertrand Delanoë (PS), won a majority on the city council of the capital. Jean Tiberi, Chirac's successor at the Paris city hall, was forced to resign after having been put under investigations in June 1999 on charges of trafic d'influences in the HLMs of Paris affairs (related to the illegal financing of the RPR). Tiberi was finally expelled from the Rally for the Republic, Chirac's party, on 12 October 2000, declaring to theFigaro magazine on 18 November 2000: "Jacques Chirac is not my friend anymore".[30] After the publication of the Jean-Claude Méry by Le Monde on 22 September 2000, in which Jean-Claude Méry, in charge of the RPR's financing, directly accused Chirac of organizing the network, and of having been physically present on 5 October 1986, when Méry gave in cash 5 million Francs, which came from companies who had benefited from state deals, to Michel Roussin, personal secretary (directeur de cabinet) of Chirac,[31][32] Chirac refused to attend court in response to his summons by judge Eric Halphen, and the highest echelons of the French justice system declared that he could not be inculpated while in office. During his two terms, he increased the Elysee Palace's total budget by 105 percent (to €90 million, whereas 20 years before it was the equivalent of €43.7 million). He doubled the number of presidential cars – to 61 cars and seven scooters in the Palace's garage. He has hired 145 extra employees – the total number of the people he employed simultaneously was 963. Defence policy[edit]As the Supreme Commander of the French armed forces, he reduced the military budget, as did his predecessor. At the end of his first term it accounted for three percent of GDP.[33] In 1997 the aircraft carrierClemenceau was decommissioned after 37 years of service, with her sister ship Foch decommissioned in 2000 after 37 years of service, leaving the French Navy with no aircraft carrier until 2001, when Charles de Gaullewas commissioned.[34] He also reduced expenditure on nuclear weapons[35] and the French nuclear arsenal was reduced to include 350 warheads, compared to the Russian nuclear arsenal of 16,000 warheads.[36] He also published a plan to reduce the number of fighters the French military had by 30.[37] After François Mitterrand left office in 1995, Chirac began a rapprochement with NATO by joining the Military Committee and attempting to negotiate a return to the integrated military command, which failed after the French demand for parity with the United States went unmet. The possibility of a further attempt foundered after Chirac was forced into cohabitation with a Socialist-led cabinet between 1997–2002, then poor Franco-American relations after the French UN veto threat over Iraq in 2003 made transatlantic negotiations impossible. Close call[edit]On 25 July 2000, as Chirac and the first lady were returning from the G7 Summit in Okinawa, Japan, they were nearly killed by Air France Flight 4590 after they landed at Charles de Gaulle International Airport. The first couple were in an Air France Boeing 747 taxiing toward the terminal when the jet had to stop and wait for Flight 4590 to take off.[38] The departing plane, an Aérospatiale-BAC Concorde, ran over a strip of metal on takeoff that punctured its left fuel tank and sliced electrical wires near the left landing gear. The sequence of events ignited a massive fire and caused the Concorde to veer left on its takeoff roll. As it reached takeoff speed and lifted off the ground, it came within 30 feet of hitting Chirac's 747. The now famous photograph of Flight 4590 ablaze, the only picture taken of the Concorde on fire, was snapped by passenger Toshihiko Sato on Chirac's jetliner. Second term: 2002–07[edit]At the age of 69, Chirac faced his fourth presidential campaign in 2002. He received 20% of the vote in the first ballot of the presidential elections in April 2002. It had been expected that he would face incumbent prime minister Lionel Jospin (PS) in the second round of elections; instead, Chirac faced controversial far-right politician Jean-Marie Le Pen of the National Front (FN), who came in 200,000 votes ahead of Jospin. All parties other than the National Front (except for Lutte ouvrière) called for opposing Le Pen, even if it meant voting for Chirac. The 14-day period between the two rounds of voting was marked by demonstrations against Le Pen and slogans such as "Vote for the crook, not for the fascist" or "Vote with a clothespin on your nose". Chirac won re-election by a landslide, with 82 percent of the vote on the second ballot. However, Chirac became increasingly unpopular during his second term. According to a July 2005 poll,[39] 32 percent judged Chirac favourably and 63 percent unfavorably. In 2006, The Economist wrote that Chirac "is the most unpopular occupant of the Elysée Palace in the fifth republic's history."[40] Early term[edit]As the left-wing Socialist Party was in thorough disarray following Jospin's defeat, Chirac reorganised politics on the right, establishing a new party – initially called the Union of the Presidential Majority, then the Union for a Popular Movement (UMP). The RPR had broken down; a number of members had formed Euroscepticbreakaways. While the Giscardian liberals of the Union for French Democracy (UDF) had moved to the right,[41]the UMP won the parliamentary elections that followed the presidential poll with ease. During an official visit to Madagascar on 21 July 2005, Chirac described the repression of the 1947 Malagasy uprising, which left between 80,000 and 90,000 dead, as "unacceptable". Despite past opposition to state intervention the Chirac government approved a €2.8 billion euro aid package to troubled manufacturing giant Alstom.[42] In October 2004, Chirac signed a trade agreement with PRC PresidentHu Jintao where Alstom was given €1 billion euro in contracts and promises of future investment in China.[43] Assassination attempt[edit]On 14 July 2002, during Bastille Day celebrations, Chirac survived an assassination attempt by a lone gunman with a rifle hidden in a guitar case. The would-be assassin fired a shot toward the presidential motorcade, before being overpowered by bystanders.[44] The gunman, Maxime Brunerie, underwent psychiatric testing; the violent far-right group with which he was associated, Unité Radicale, was then administratively dissolved. Foreign policy[edit]Along with Vladimir Putin (Chirac called Vladimir Putin "a personal friend"[45]),Hu Jintao, and Gerhard Schröder, Chirac emerged as a leading voice againstGeorge W. Bush and Tony Blair in 2003 during the organisation and deployment of American and British forces participating in a military coalitionto forcibly remove the government of Iraq controlled by the Ba'ath Party under the leadership of Saddam Hussein that resulted in the 2003–2011 Iraq War. Despite intense British and American pressure, Chirac threatened to veto, at that given point, a resolution in the UN Security Council that would authorise the use of military force to rid Iraq of alleged weapons of mass destruction, and rallied other governments to his position. "Iraq today does not represent an immediate threat that justifies an immediate war", Chirac said on 18 March 2003. Chirac was then the target of various American and British commentators supporting the decisions of Bush and Blair. Future Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin acquired much of his popularity for his speech against the war at the United Nations (UN). After Togo's leader Gnassingbé Eyadéma's death on 5 February 2005, Chirac gave him tribute and supported his son, Faure Gnassingbé, who has since succeeded his father.[23] On 19 January 2006, Chirac said that France was prepared to launch a nuclear strike against any country that sponsors a terrorist attack against French interests. He said his country's nuclear arsenal had been reconfigured to include the ability to make a tactical strike in retaliation for terrorism.[46] Chirac criticized the Israeli offensive into Lebanon on 14 July 2006.[47] However, Israeli Army Radio later reported that Chirac had secretly told Israeli Prime Minister Ehud Olmert that France would support an Israeli invasion of Syria and the overthrow of the government of President Bashar al-Assad, promising to veto any moves against Israel in the United Nations or European Union.[48] In July 2006, the G8 met to discuss international energy concerns. Despite the rising awareness of global warming issues, the G8 focused on "energy security" issues. Chirac continued[when?] to be the voice[citation needed] within the G8 summit meetings to support international action to curb global warming andclimate change concerns. Chirac warned that "humanity is dancing on a volcano" and called for serious action by the world's leading industrialised nations.[citation needed] Flight tax[edit]Chirac requested the Landau-report (published in September 2004) and combined with the Report of the Technical Group on Innovative Financing Mechanisms formulated upon request by the Heads of State of Brazil, Chile, France and Spain (issued in December 2004), these documents present various opportunities for innovative financing mechanisms while equally stressing the advantages (stability and predictability) of tax-based models. The UNITAID project was born. Today the organisation executive board is chaired by Philippe Douste-Blazy. 2005 referendum on TCE[edit]On 29 May 2005, a referendum was held in France to decide whether the country should ratify the proposed treaty for a Constitution of the European Union (TCE). The result was a victory for the No campaign, with 55 percent of voters rejecting the treaty on a turnout of 69 percent, dealing a devastating blow to Chirac and theUnion for a Popular Movement (UMP) party, and to part of the centre-left which had supported the TCE. Following the referendum defeat, Chirac replaced his Prime Minister Jean-Pierre Raffarin with Domenique de Villepin. In an address to the nation, Chirac declared that the new cabinet's top priority was to curb unemployment, which was consistently hovering above 10 percent, calling for a "national mobilisation" to that effect.[49] 2005 civil unrest and CPE protests[edit]Following major student protests in spring 2006, which followed civil unrest in autumn 2005 after the death of two young boys in Clichy-sous-Bois, one of the poorest communes in Paris' suburbs, Chirac retracted the proposedFirst Employment Contract (CPE) by "promulgating [it] without applying it", an unheard-of – and, some claim, illegal – move intended to appease the protesters while giving the appearance of not making a volte-faceregarding the contract, and therefore to continue his support for his Prime Minister Dominique de Villepin. Retirement[edit]In early September 2005, Chirac suffered an event that his doctors described as a "vascular incident". It was officially reported as a "minor stroke"[50] or a mild stroke (also known as a transient ischemic attack).[51] He recovered and returned to his duties soon afterward. In a pre-recorded television broadcast aired on 11 March 2007, he announced, in a widely predicted move, that he would not choose to seek a third term as president. (In 2000 the constitution had been amended to reduce the length of the presidential term to five years, so his second term was shorter than his first.)[52] "My whole life has been committed to serving France, and serving peace", Chirac said, adding that he would find new ways to serve France after leaving office. He did not explain the reasons for his decision.[53] He did not, during the broadcast, endorse any of the candidates running for election, but did devote several minutes of his talk to a plea against extremist politics that was considered a thinly disguised invocation to voters not to vote for Jean-Marie Le Pen and a recommendation to Nicolas Sarkozy not to orient his campaign so as to include themes traditionally associated with Le Pen.[54] Post-presidency[edit]Shortly after leaving office, he launched the Fondation Chirac[55] in June 2008. Since then it has been striving for peace through five advocacy programmes: conflict prevention, access to water and sanitation, access to quality medicines and healthcare, access to land resources, and preservation of cultural diversity. It supports field projects that involve local people and provide concrete and innovative solutions. Chirac chaired the jury for the Prize for Conflict Prevention awarded every year by his foundation.[56]  Jacques Chirac at Saint-Tropez in 2010 As a former President, he was entitled to a lifetime pension and personal security protection, and was ex-officio a member for life of theConstitutional Council.[57] He sat for the first time on the Council on 15 November 2007, six months after leaving the presidency. Immediately after Sarkozy's victory, Chirac moved into a 180 square metre duplex on the Quai Voltaire in Paris lent to him by the family of former Lebanese Prime Minister Rafik Hariri. During the Didier Schuller affair, the latter accused Hariri of having participated in illegal funding of the RPR's political campaigns, but the judge closed the case without further investigations.[58] In Volume 2 of his memoirs published in June 2011, Chirac mocked his successor Nicolas Sarkozy as "irritable, rash, impetuous, disloyal, ungrateful, and un-French".[59][60] Chirac wrote that he considered firing Sarkozy previously, and conceded responsibility in allowing Jean-Marie Le Pen to advance in 2002.[61] A poll conducted in 2010 suggested he was the most admired political figure in France, while Sarkozy was 32nd.[59] On 11 April 2008, Chirac's office announced that he had undergone successful surgery to fit a pacemaker. In January 2009, it was reported that Chirac had been hospitalised after being attacked by his pet Maltese poodle. According to Chirac's wife Bernadette, the dog, named Sumo, had a history of unpredictable and vicious behaviour, and had previously been medicated with antidepressants in an attempt to control it.[62] Chirac suffered from frail health and memory loss in later life. As President, he suffered a stroke in 2005. In February 2014 he was admitted to hospital because of pains related to gout.[63][64] On 10 December 2015, Chirac was hospitalised in Paris for undisclosed reasons, although his state of health didn't "give any cause for concern", he remained for about a week in ICU.[65] According to his son-in-law Frederic Salat-Baroux, Chirac was again hospitalised in Paris with a lung infection on 18 September 2016.[66] He died on 26 September 2019.[67] Popular culture[edit]Impact on French popular culture[edit] Jacques Chirac. Portrait by Donald Sheridan. Because of Jacques Chirac's long career in visible government positions, he was often parodied or caricatured: Young Jacques Chirac is the basis of a young, dashing bureaucrat character in the 1976 Asterix comic strip album Obelix and Co., proposing methods to quell Gallic unrest to elderly, old-style Roman politicians. Chirac was also featured in Le Bêbête Showas an overexcited, jumpy character.[citation needed] Jacques Chirac was a favorite character of Les Guignols de l'Info, a satiric latex puppet show. He was originally portrayed as a rather likable, though overexcited, character; following the corruption allegations, however, he was depicted as a kind of dilettante and incompetent who pilfered public money and lied through his teeth. His character for a while developed a superhero alter ego, Super Menteur("Super Liar") in order to get him out of embarrassing situations. Because of his alleged improprieties, he was lambasted in a song Chirac en prison ("Chirac in prison") by French punk band Les Wampas, with a video clip made by the Guignols.[citation needed] Portrayals in film[edit]Charles Fathy appears as Chirac in the Oliver Stone film W. Marc Rioufol plays him in Richard Loncraine's 2010 film The Special Relationship.[citation needed] Bernard Le Coq portrays Chirac in La Dernière Campagne and The Conquest by Xavier Durringer.[citation needed] Controversies[edit]Osirak controversy[edit]At the invitation of Saddam Hussein (then vice-president of Iraq, but de facto dictator), Chirac made an official visit to Baghdad in 1975. Saddam approved a deal granting French oil companies a number of privileges plus a 23-percent share of Iraqi oil.[68] As part of this deal, France sold Iraq the Osirak MTR nuclear reactor, designed to test nuclear materials. The Israeli Air Force alleged that the reactor's imminent commissioning was a threat to its security, and pre-emptively bombed the Osirak reactor on 7 June 1981, provoking considerable anger from French officials and the United Nations Security Council.[69] The Osirak deal became a controversy again in 2002–2003, when an international military coalition led by the United States invaded Iraq and forcibly removed Hussein's government from power. France led several other European countries in an effort to prevent the invasion. The Osirak deal was then used by parts of the American media to criticise the Chirac-led opposition to starting a war in Iraq,[70] despite French involvement in the Gulf War.[71] Conviction for corruption[edit]Chirac has been named in several cases of alleged corruption that occurred during his term as mayor, some of which have led to felony convictions of some politicians and aides. However, a controversial judicial decision in 1999 granted Chirac immunity while he was president of France. He refused to testify on these matters, arguing that it would be incompatible with his presidential functions. Investigations concerning the running of Paris's city hall, the number of whose municipal employees increased by 25% from 1977 to 1995 (with 2,000 out of approximately 35,000 coming from the Corrèze region where Chirac had held his seat as deputy), as well as a lack of financial transparency (marchés publics) and the communal debt, were thwarted by the legal impossibility of questioning him as president. The conditions of the privatisation of the Parisian water system acquired very cheaply by the Générale and the Lyonnaise des Eaux, then directed by Jérôme Monod, a close friend of Chirac, were also criticised. Furthermore, the satirical newspaper Le Canard enchaîné revealed the astronomical "food expenses" paid by the Parisian municipality (€15 million a year according to the Canard), expenses managed byRoger Romani (who allegedly destroyed all archives of the period 1978–93 during night raids in 1999–2000). Thousands of people were invited each year to receptions in the Paris city hall, while many political, media and artistic personalities were hosted in private flats owned by the city.[72] Chirac's immunity from prosecution ended in May 2007, when he left office as president. In November 2007 a preliminary charge of misuse of public funds was filed against him.[73] Chirac is said to be the first former French head of state to be formally placed under investigation for a crime.[74] On 30 October 2009, a judge ordered Chirac to stand trial on embezzlement charges, dating back to his time as mayor of Paris.[75] On 7 March 2011, he went on trial on charges of diverting public funds, accused of giving fictional city jobs to twenty-eight activists from his political party while serving as the mayor of Paris (1977–95).[76][76][77] Along with Chirac, nine others stood trial in two separate cases, one dealing with fictional jobs for 21 people and the other with jobs for the remaining seven.[76] The President of Union for a Popular Movement, who later served as France's Minister of Foreign Affairs, Alain Juppé, was sentenced to a 14-month suspended prison sentence for the same case in 2004.[78] On 15 December 2011, Chirac was found guilty and given a suspended sentence of two years.[78] He was convicted of diverting public funds, abuse of trust and illegal conflict of interest. The suspended sentence meant he did not have to go to prison, and took into account his age, health, and status as a former head of state.[79]He did not attend his trial, since medical doctors deemed that his neurological problems damaged his memory.[78] His defence team decided not to appeal.[78][80] The Clearstream Affair[edit]During April and May 2006, Chirac's administration was beset by a crisis as his chosen Prime Minister, Dominique de Villepin, was accused of asking Philippe Rondot, a top level French spy, for a secret investigation into Villepin's chief political rival, Nicolas Sarkozy, in 2004. This matter has been called the second Clearstream Affair. On 10 May 2006, following a Cabinet meeting, Chirac made a rare television appearance to try to protect Villepin from the scandal and to debunk allegations that Chirac himself had set up a Japanese bank account containing 300 million francs in 1992 as Mayor of Paris.[81] Chirac said that "The Republic is not a dictatorship of rumours, a dictatorship of calumny."[82] Personal life[edit]Chirac remained married, but had several other relationships.[83][84][85] Chirac died at his home in Paris on 26 September 2019.[86] Academic works[edit]In 1954 Chirac presented The Development of the Port of New-Orleans, a short geography/economic thesis to the Institut d'Etudes Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po), which he had entered three years before. The 182-page typewritten work, supervised by Professor Jean Chardonnet, is illustrated by photographs, sketches and diagrams. Political career[edit]President of the French Republic: 1995–2007. Reelected in 2002. Member of the Constitutional Council of France: Since 2007. Governmental functions Prime minister: 1974–76 (Resignation) / 1986–88. Minister of Interior: March–May 1974. Minister of Agriculture and Rural Development: 1972–74. Minister of Relation with Parliament: 1971–72. Secretary of State for Economy and Finance: 1968–71. Secretary of State for Social Affairs: 1967–68. Electoral mandates European Parliament Member of European Parliament: 1979–80 (Resignation). Elected in 1979. National Assembly of France Elected in 1967, reelected in 1968, 1973, 1976, 1981, 1986, 1988, 1993: Member for Corrèze: March–April 1967 (became Secretary of State in April 1967), reelected in 1968, 1973, but he remained a minister in 1976–1986 (became Prime Minister in 1986), 1988–95 (resigned to become President of the French Republic in 1995). General Council President of the General Council of Corrèze: 1970–1979. Reelected in 1973, 1976. General councillor of Corrèze: 1968–88. Reelected in 1970, 1976, 1982. Municipal Council Mayor of Paris: 1977–95 (Resignation, became President of the French Republic in 1995). Reelected in 1983, 1989. Councillor of Paris: 1977–1995 (Resignation). Reelected in 1983, 1989. Municipal councillor of Sainte-Féréole: 1965–77. Reelected in 1971. Political function President of the Rally for the Republic: 1976–94 (Resignation). Ministries[edit] Mr. Jacques Chirac, the 22nd President of France, in 2003 First Chirac ministry[edit](27 May 1974 – 25 August 1976) Second Chirac ministry[edit](20 March 1986 – 12 May 1988) Honours[edit]National honours[edit]Foreign honours[edit]| Ribbon bar | Country | Honour |
|---|
 | Austria | Grand Star of the Decoration of Honour for Services to the Republic of Austria |  | Azerbaijan Republic | Collar of the Heydar Aliyev Order |  | Bolivia | Commander of the Order of the Condor of the Andes |  | Brazil | Collar of the Order of the Southern Cross |  | Canada | Knight of the National Order of Quebec |  | Czech Republic | Grand Cross of the Order of the White Lion |  | Estonia | Member 1st Class of the Order of the Cross of Terra Mariana |  | Hungary | Grand Cross with Chain of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary |  | Italy | Knight Grand Cross with Collar Order of Merit of the Italian Republic |  | Iceland | Grand Knight's Cross with Star of the Order of the Falcon | VA_Order_of_the_Three_Stars_-_Commander_BAR.png" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"> | Latvia | Commander Grand Cross with Chain Order of the Three Stars | BN_National_Order_of_the_Cedar_-_Grand_Cordon_BAR.png" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"> | Lebanon | Grand Cordon of the National Order of the Cedar | TU_Order_of_Vytautas_the_Great_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"> | Lithuania | Grand Cross of the Order of Vytautas the Great | TU_Order_of_the_Lithuanian_Grand_Duke_Gediminas_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"> | Lithuania | Grand Cross of the Order of the Lithuanian Grand Duke Gediminas |  | Sovereign Military Order of Malta | Civilian Class of the Order pro Merito Melitensi |  | Monaco | Grand Cross of the Order of Saint-Charles |  | Morocco | Grand Cross of the Order of Ouissam Alaouite |  | Norway | Grand Cross of the Order of St. Olav | OL_Order_Zaslugi_PRL_kl1_BAR.png" class="image" title="1st class" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"> | Poland | Grand Cross of the Order of Merit of the Republic of Poland | OL_Order_Or%C5%82a_Bia%C5%82ego_BAR.svg" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"> | Poland | Knight of the Order of the White Eagle | RT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Collar_BAR.png" class="image" style="text-decoration: none; color: rgb(11, 0, 128); background: none;"> | Portugal | Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry |  | Romania | Grand Collar of the Order of the Star of Romania |  | The Russian Federation | Member 1st Class of the Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" |  | The Russian Federation | Medal "In Commemoration of the 300th Anniversary of Saint Petersburg" |  | Senegal | Grand Cross of the National Order of the Lion |  | South Africa | Grand Cross of the Order of Good Hope |  | Spain | Collar of the Order of Charles III |  | Spain | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic |  | Sweden | Knight of the Royal Order of the Seraphim |  | Tunisia | Grand Cordon of the Order of Independence |  | Tunisia | Grand Cordon of the Order of the Republic of Tunisia |  | United Arab Emirates | Collar of the Order of Etihad (Order of the Federation) |  | United Kingdom | Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath |  | Vatican City | Knight of the Order of Pope Pius IX |
Awards and recognition[edit]Publications[edit]- Discours pour la France à l'heure du choix, Paris, ed. Stock, 1978
- La Lueur de l'espérance. Réflexion du soir pour le matin, Paris, ed. La Table ronde, 1978
- Oui à l'Europe (With Alain Berger), Paris, ed. Albatros, 1984
- Une ambition pour la France, Paris, ed. Albin Michel, 1988
- Une nouvelle France. Réflexions 1, Paris, ed. NiL, 1994
- La France pour tous, Paris, ed. NiL Éditions, 1995
- Mon combat pour la France, tome I, Paris, ed. Odile Jacob, 2006
- Le Développement du port de la Nouvelle-Orléans, Paris, ed. Presses universitaires du Nouveau Monde, 2007
- Mon combat pour la paix, tome II, Paris, ed. Odile Jacob, 2007
- Demain, il sera trop tard, Paris, ed. Desclée de Brouwer, 2008
- Mémoires : Tome I, Chaque pas doit être un but, Paris, ed. NiL, 2009
- Mémoires : Tome II, Le Temps présidentiel, Paris, ed. NiL Éditions, 2011
Styles of address[edit]- Monsieur le Président de la République française (1995–2007)
- His Excellency The Sovereign Co-Prince of Andorra (1995–2007)
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacques_Chirac
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